The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Herschel space observatory has spotted pristine material that matches comets in our own Solar System in a dust belt around the young star Beta Pictoris.
Twelve-million-year-old Beta Pictoris resides just 63 light-years from Earth and hosts a gas giant planet along with a dusty debris disc that could, in time, evolve into a torus of icy bodies much like the Kuiper Belt found outside the orbit of Neptune in our Solar System.
Thanks to the unique observing capabilities of Herschel, the composition of the dust in the cold outskirts of the Beta Pictoris system has been determined for the first time. Of particular interest is the mineral olivine, which crystallizes out of the proto-planetary disc material close to newborn stars and is eventually incorporated into asteroids, comets and planets.
“As far as olivine is concerned, it comes in different ‘flavors’,” explained Dr. Ben De Vries. “A magnesium-rich variety is found in small and primitive icy bodies like comets, whereas iron-rich olivine is typically found in large asteroids that have undergone more heating, or ‘processing’.”
According to De Vries, Herschel detected the pristine magnesium-rich variety in the Beta Pictoris system at 15–45 astronomical units (AUs) from the star, where temperatures are around –190ºC. For comparison, Earth is located at 1 AU from our Sun, while the Solar System’s Kuiper Belt extends from the orbit of Neptune at about 30 AU out to 50 AU from the Sun.
The Herschel observations allowed astronomers to determine that the olivine crystals comprise around 4% of the total mass of the dust found in the region. In turn, this finding led to the conclusion that the olivine was originally bound up inside comets and released into space by collisions between the icy objects.
“The 4% value is strikingly similar to that of Solar System comets 17P/Holmes and 73P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 3, which contain 2–10% magnesium-rich olivine,” said De Vries. “Since olivine can only crystallize within about 10 AU of the central star, finding it in a cold debris disc means that it must have been transported from the inner region of the system to the outskirts.”
Indeed, the ‘radial mixing’ transport mechanism is known from models of the evolution of swirling proto-planetary discs as they condense around new stars. The mixing is stimulated in varying amounts by winds and heat from the central star pushing materials away, along with temperature differences and turbulent motion created in the disc during planet formation.
“Our findings are an indication that the efficiency of these transport processes must have been similar between the young Solar System and within the Beta Pictoris system, and that these processes are likely independent of the detailed properties of the system,” he added.
To be sure, Beta Pictoris is over one and a half times the mass of our Sun, eight times as bright, and its planetary system architecture is different to our own Solar System today.
“Thanks to Herschel, we were able to measure the properties of pristine material left over from the initial planet-building process in another solar system with a precision that is comparable to what we could achieve in the laboratory if we had the material here on Earth,” added ESA’s Herschel project scientist Göran Pilbratt.
