Astronauts signing up for long-term future missions to Mars and beyond will inevitably face a wide range of health issues, including microgravity-induced lymphocyte programmed cell death.
Fortunately, scientists may have discovered the enzyme responsible for the accelerated aging process in astronauts.
Indeed, the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme plays a key role in cell death induced by microgravity environments. As such, inhibiting the enzyme will likely help prevent or lessen the severity of immune problems in astronauts caused by spaceflight.
This discovery may also lead to therapeutics that extend lives by bolstering the immune systems of the elderly – as space conditions often initiate health problems which mimic the aging process on Earth.
“The outcome of this space research might be helpful to improve health in the elderly on Earth,” explained Mauro Maccarrone, Ph.D., a researcher involved in the work from the Department of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Teramo in Teramo, Italy.
“In fact, space conditions [cause problems that] resemble the physiological process of aging and drugs able to reduce microgravity-induced immunodepression might be effective therapeutics against loss of immune performance in aging people. 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, already used to curb human inflammatory diseases, may be such a group of compounds.”
Maccarone and colleagues made the above-mentioned discovery by conducting experiments involving two groups of human lymphocytes that were isolated from the blood of two healthy donors. The first group of lymphocytes was exposed to microgravity onboard the International Space Station (ISS).
The second group was put in a centrifuge onboard the ISS, to have the same “space environment” as the other group, but a normal Earth-like force of gravity. When programmed cell death (apoptosis) was measured in both groups, the lymphocytes exposed to microgravity showed an increase above what is considered “normal.”
The group exposed to the simulated Earth gravity showed no unusual differences. Specifically, the researchers believe that this difference is caused by different levels of the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme.
“It’s no surprise that bodies need Earth’s gravity to function properly, because we evolved to survive on this planet,” said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of the FASEB Journal.
“As humanity moves into space and potentially to other planets or asteroids, it’s clear that we need know how not only to secure habitable conditions, but also how to secure our health. Fortunately, as we learn how to cope with low gravity environments, we also unlock secrets to longevity back home on Earth.”
